LRC

2024年11月18日星期一

Google Driver 檔案讀取

在Google Driver中，更新檔案（需檔案權限）或上傳檔案（需目錄權限）較為複雜，目前先針對下載檔案說明。

2024年5月28日星期二

生成verilog Look-Up Table (case) module 的matlab程式

matlab程式如下，ibright為Look-Up Table變數輸入，obright為Look-Up Table變數輸出

11~14行為LUT，xy對應的方程式在第12行

% 開啟檔案以寫入
fileID = fopen('contrast.v', 'w');
% 寫入檔案內容
fprintf(fileID, 'module contrast(\n\tibright,\n\tobright\n);\n\n');
fprintf(fileID, 'input\t\t\t[7:0]\tibright;\n');
fprintf(fileID, 'output reg\t[7:0]\tobright;\n\n');
fprintf(fileID, 'always @(ibright)\n\tbegin\n\t\tcase(ibright)\n');
% 生成從 0 到 255 的數值和對應的 nn 值
for x = 0:255
y = floor(96*( (x-128)/128)^3 + 96 ); % equation
fprintf(fileID, '\t\t8''d%03d: obright = %03d;\t//\n', x, y);
end
% 完成 case 和模組結束部分
fprintf(fileID, '\t\tendcase\n\tend\nendmodule\n');
% 關閉檔案
fclose(fileID);
disp('檔案 contrast.v 已生成');

生成module結果附在下方，可用下面方式呼叫
為減少延遲，本例未使用clock

contrast u(
.ibright(gray),
.obright(gray_contrast)
);

module的verilog檔

module contrast(
ibright,
obright
);
input [7:0] ibright;
output reg [7:0] obright;
always @(ibright)
begin
case(ibright)
8'd000: obright = 000; //
8'd001: obright = 002; //
8'd002: obright = 004; //
8'd003: obright = 006; //
8'd004: obright = 008; //
8'd005: obright = 010; //
8'd006: obright = 012; //
8'd007: obright = 014; //
8'd008: obright = 016; //
8'd009: obright = 018; //
8'd010: obright = 020; //
8'd011: obright = 022; //
8'd012: obright = 024; //
8'd013: obright = 026; //
8'd014: obright = 028; //
8'd015: obright = 029; //
8'd016: obright = 031; //
8'd017: obright = 033; //
8'd018: obright = 035; //
8'd019: obright = 036; //
8'd020: obright = 038; //
8'd021: obright = 039; //
8'd022: obright = 041; //
8'd023: obright = 043; //
8'd024: obright = 044; //
8'd025: obright = 045; //
8'd026: obright = 047; //
8'd027: obright = 048; //
8'd028: obright = 050; //
8'd029: obright = 051; //
8'd030: obright = 052; //
8'd031: obright = 054; //
8'd032: obright = 055; //
8'd033: obright = 056; //
8'd034: obright = 057; //
8'd035: obright = 059; //
8'd036: obright = 060; //
8'd037: obright = 061; //
8'd038: obright = 062; //
8'd039: obright = 063; //
8'd040: obright = 064; //
8'd041: obright = 065; //
8'd042: obright = 066; //
8'd043: obright = 067; //
8'd044: obright = 068; //
8'd045: obright = 069; //
8'd046: obright = 070; //
8'd047: obright = 071; //
8'd048: obright = 072; //
8'd049: obright = 073; //
8'd050: obright = 074; //
8'd051: obright = 075; //
8'd052: obright = 075; //
8'd053: obright = 076; //
8'd054: obright = 077; //
8'd055: obright = 078; //
8'd056: obright = 078; //
8'd057: obright = 079; //
8'd058: obright = 080; //
8'd059: obright = 080; //
8'd060: obright = 081; //
8'd061: obright = 082; //
8'd062: obright = 082; //
8'd063: obright = 083; //
8'd064: obright = 084; //
8'd065: obright = 084; //
8'd066: obright = 085; //
8'd067: obright = 085; //
8'd068: obright = 086; //
8'd069: obright = 086; //
8'd070: obright = 087; //
8'd071: obright = 087; //
8'd072: obright = 087; //
8'd073: obright = 088; //
8'd074: obright = 088; //
8'd075: obright = 089; //
8'd076: obright = 089; //
8'd077: obright = 089; //
8'd078: obright = 090; //
8'd079: obright = 090; //
8'd080: obright = 090; //
8'd081: obright = 091; //
8'd082: obright = 091; //
8'd083: obright = 091; //
8'd084: obright = 092; //
8'd085: obright = 092; //
8'd086: obright = 092; //
8'd087: obright = 092; //
8'd088: obright = 093; //
8'd089: obright = 093; //
8'd090: obright = 093; //
8'd091: obright = 093; //
8'd092: obright = 093; //
8'd093: obright = 094; //
8'd094: obright = 094; //
8'd095: obright = 094; //
8'd096: obright = 094; //
8'd097: obright = 094; //
8'd098: obright = 094; //
8'd099: obright = 094; //
8'd100: obright = 094; //
8'd101: obright = 095; //
8'd102: obright = 095; //
8'd103: obright = 095; //
8'd104: obright = 095; //
8'd105: obright = 095; //
8'd106: obright = 095; //
8'd107: obright = 095; //
8'd108: obright = 095; //
8'd109: obright = 095; //
8'd110: obright = 095; //
8'd111: obright = 095; //
8'd112: obright = 095; //
8'd113: obright = 095; //
8'd114: obright = 095; //
8'd115: obright = 095; //
8'd116: obright = 095; //
8'd117: obright = 095; //
8'd118: obright = 095; //
8'd119: obright = 095; //
8'd120: obright = 095; //
8'd121: obright = 095; //
8'd122: obright = 095; //
8'd123: obright = 095; //
8'd124: obright = 095; //
8'd125: obright = 095; //
8'd126: obright = 095; //
8'd127: obright = 095; //
8'd128: obright = 096; //
8'd129: obright = 096; //
8'd130: obright = 096; //
8'd131: obright = 096; //
8'd132: obright = 096; //
8'd133: obright = 096; //
8'd134: obright = 096; //
8'd135: obright = 096; //
8'd136: obright = 096; //
8'd137: obright = 096; //
8'd138: obright = 096; //
8'd139: obright = 096; //
8'd140: obright = 096; //
8'd141: obright = 096; //
8'd142: obright = 096; //
8'd143: obright = 096; //
8'd144: obright = 096; //
8'd145: obright = 096; //
8'd146: obright = 096; //
8'd147: obright = 096; //
8'd148: obright = 096; //
8'd149: obright = 096; //
8'd150: obright = 096; //
8'd151: obright = 096; //
8'd152: obright = 096; //
8'd153: obright = 096; //
8'd154: obright = 096; //
8'd155: obright = 096; //
8'd156: obright = 097; //
8'd157: obright = 097; //
8'd158: obright = 097; //
8'd159: obright = 097; //
8'd160: obright = 097; //
8'd161: obright = 097; //
8'd162: obright = 097; //
8'd163: obright = 097; //
8'd164: obright = 098; //
8'd165: obright = 098; //
8'd166: obright = 098; //
8'd167: obright = 098; //
8'd168: obright = 098; //
8'd169: obright = 099; //
8'd170: obright = 099; //
8'd171: obright = 099; //
8'd172: obright = 099; //
8'd173: obright = 100; //
8'd174: obright = 100; //
8'd175: obright = 100; //
8'd176: obright = 101; //
8'd177: obright = 101; //
8'd178: obright = 101; //
8'd179: obright = 102; //
8'd180: obright = 102; //
8'd181: obright = 102; //
8'd182: obright = 103; //
8'd183: obright = 103; //
8'd184: obright = 104; //
8'd185: obright = 104; //
8'd186: obright = 104; //
8'd187: obright = 105; //
8'd188: obright = 105; //
8'd189: obright = 106; //
8'd190: obright = 106; //
8'd191: obright = 107; //
8'd192: obright = 108; //
8'd193: obright = 108; //
8'd194: obright = 109; //
8'd195: obright = 109; //
8'd196: obright = 110; //
8'd197: obright = 111; //
8'd198: obright = 111; //
8'd199: obright = 112; //
8'd200: obright = 113; //
8'd201: obright = 113; //
8'd202: obright = 114; //
8'd203: obright = 115; //
8'd204: obright = 116; //
8'd205: obright = 116; //
8'd206: obright = 117; //
8'd207: obright = 118; //
8'd208: obright = 119; //
8'd209: obright = 120; //
8'd210: obright = 121; //
8'd211: obright = 122; //
8'd212: obright = 123; //
8'd213: obright = 124; //
8'd214: obright = 125; //
8'd215: obright = 126; //
8'd216: obright = 127; //
8'd217: obright = 128; //
8'd218: obright = 129; //
8'd219: obright = 130; //
8'd220: obright = 131; //
8'd221: obright = 132; //
8'd222: obright = 134; //
8'd223: obright = 135; //
8'd224: obright = 136; //
8'd225: obright = 137; //
8'd226: obright = 139; //
8'd227: obright = 140; //
8'd228: obright = 141; //
8'd229: obright = 143; //
8'd230: obright = 144; //
8'd231: obright = 146; //
8'd232: obright = 147; //
8'd233: obright = 148; //
8'd234: obright = 150; //
8'd235: obright = 152; //
8'd236: obright = 153; //
8'd237: obright = 155; //
8'd238: obright = 156; //
8'd239: obright = 158; //
8'd240: obright = 160; //
8'd241: obright = 162; //
8'd242: obright = 163; //
8'd243: obright = 165; //
8'd244: obright = 167; //
8'd245: obright = 169; //
8'd246: obright = 171; //
8'd247: obright = 173; //
8'd248: obright = 175; //
8'd249: obright = 177; //
8'd250: obright = 179; //
8'd251: obright = 181; //
8'd252: obright = 183; //
8'd253: obright = 185; //
8'd254: obright = 187; //
8'd255: obright = 189; //
endcase
end
endmodule

2023年9月6日星期三

RGB to YCbCr

轉換公式很多，以下取轉換後為0~255的一種，小數部分無條件捨去。

此公式較為對稱，且符合原始YCbCr定義

但稍微修改係數，可避免RGB出現負數，簡化轉換程式

R = 1*Y + + 1.398*(Cr-128)

G = 1*Y - 0.34414*(Cb-128) - 0.71414*(Cr-128)

B = 1*Y + 1.749*(Cb-128)

移8位元，計算完除256，以下列係數，值在0~255

Y = 77*R + 150*G + 29*B

Cb = -43*R - 84*G + 128*B + 128*256

Cr = 128*R - 107*G - 21*B + 128*256

R = 256*Y + 357*(Cr-128)

G = 256*Y - 88*(Cb-128) -183*(Cr-128)

B = 256*Y + 447*(Cb-128)

以下使用matlab程式，首先驗證YCbCr444以及YCbCr422的正確性。從中間列可看出，YCbCr422一次取Cb一次取Cr。

由YCbCr444轉換回RGB後與原圖幾乎無差異，由YCbCr422轉回RGB後圖形顏色有差，但可解釋。

改為Lena人像圖測試，由YCbCr444或YCbCr422轉回幾乎無差異。

加密時，把角度0~360對應0~255，採用加法把數字加上。
因色彩取8 bits，故解密時亦採加法，加上 256-x，利用溢位的方式，即可用加法替代原先的減法解密。

加密且還原的程式如下：

%%%%% YCbCr encoder parameter

tic

Y_theta_angle = 180; % 0 ~ 359

CbCr_phi_angle = 305; % 0 ~ 359

Y_en = round(Y_theta_angle/360*255);

CbCr_en = round(Y_theta_angle/360*255);

Y_dec = 256 - Y_en;

CbCr_dec = 256 - CbCr_en;

R = [ 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255];

G = [ 0 0 255 255 0 0 255 255];

B = [ 0 255 0 255 0 255 0 255];

% RGB = cat(3, R, G, B);

RGB = imread('lena.jpg');

% RGB = imread('baboon.png');

R = single(RGB(:, :, 1));

G = single(RGB(:, :, 2));

B = single(RGB(:, :, 3));

%%%% generate YCbCr444

Y_444 = floor((( 77*R + 150*G + 29*B))/256) ;

Cb_444 = floor(((-43*R - 84*G + 128*B))/256) + 128;

Cr_444 = floor(((128*R - 107*G - 21*B))/256) + 128;

%%%% restore from YCbCr444

R_444 = Y_444 + floor(( 357*(Cr_444-128))/256);

G_444 = Y_444 + floor((-88*(Cb_444-128) - 183*(Cr_444-128))/256);

B_444 = Y_444 + floor((447*(Cb_444-128) )/256);

%%%% generate YCbCr422

Y_422 = Y_444;

[M, N] = size(Y_422);

CbCr_422 = [];

for i = 1: 2: N

CbCr_422 = [CbCr_422 Cb_444(:, i)];

CbCr_422 = [CbCr_422 Cr_444(:, i+1)];

end

%%%% restore from YCbCr422

Cb_422 = [];

Cr_422 = [];

for i = 1: 2: N

Cb_422 = [Cb_422 CbCr_422(:, i) CbCr_422(:, i) ];

Cr_422 = [Cr_422 CbCr_422(:, i+1) CbCr_422(:, i+1)];

end

R_422 = Y_422 + floor(( 357*(Cr_422-128))/256);

G_422 = Y_422 + floor((-88*(Cb_422-128) - 183*(Cr_422-128))/256);

B_422 = Y_422 + floor((447*(Cb_422-128) )/256);

%%%% generate YCbCr422

[M, N] = size(Y_444);

Y_422 = zeros(M,N);

CbCr_422 = zeros(M,N);

for i = 1: M

for j = 1: N

Y_422(i,j) = Y_444(i,j) + Y_en;

if (Y_422(i,j)>255)

Y_422(i,j) = Y_422(i,j) - 256;

endif

if ( mod(j,2)==1)

CbCr_422(i,j) = Cb_444(i,j) + CbCr_en;

else

CbCr_422(i,j) = Cr_444(i,j) + CbCr_en;

endif

if (CbCr_422(i,j)>255)

CbCr_422(i,j) = CbCr_422(i,j) - 256;

endif

endfor

%%%% restore from YCbCr422

Cb_422 = [];

Cr_422 = [];

for i = 1: 2: N

Cb_422 = [Cb_422 CbCr_422(:, i) CbCr_422(:, i) ];

Cr_422 = [Cr_422 CbCr_422(:, i+1) CbCr_422(:, i+1)];

end

Y_422d = Y_422;

Cb_422d = Cb_422;

Cr_422d = Cr_422;

for i = 1: M

for j = 1: N

Y_422d(i,j) = Y_422(i,j) + Y_dec;

if (Y_422d(i,j)>255)

Y_422d(i,j) = Y_422d(i,j) - 256;

endif

Cb_422d(i,j) = Cb_422(i,j) + CbCr_dec;

if (Cb_422d(i,j)>255)

Cb_422d(i,j) = Cb_422d(i,j) - 256;

endif

Cr_422d(i,j) = Cr_422(i,j) + CbCr_dec;

if (Cr_422d(i,j)>255)

Cr_422d(i,j) = Cr_422d(i,j) - 256;

endif

endfor

R_422d = Y_422d + floor(( 357*(Cr_422d-128))/256);

G_422d = Y_422d + floor((-88*(Cb_422d-128) - 183*(Cr_422d-128))/256);

B_422d = Y_422d + floor((447*(Cb_422d-128) )/256);

R_422 = Y_422 + floor(( 357*(Cr_422-128))/256);

G_422 = Y_422 + floor((-88*(Cb_422-128) - 183*(Cr_422-128))/256);

B_422 = Y_422 + floor((447*(Cb_422-128) )/256);

subplot(3, 3, 1);

imshow(RGB);

title('oringal')

subplot(3, 3, 2);

imshow(cat(3, uint8(Y_444), uint8(Cb_444), uint8(Cr_444)))

title('YCbCr444')

subplot(3, 3, 5);

imshow( [uint8(Y_444); uint8(Cb_444); uint8(Cr_444)])

title('YCbCr444')

subplot(3, 3, 8);

imshow(cat(3, uint8(R_444), uint8(G_444), uint8(B_444)))

title('YCbCr444 => RGB')

subplot(3, 3, 3);

imshow(cat(3, uint8(Y_422), uint8(Cb_422), uint8(Cr_422)))

title('YCbCr422')

subplot(3, 3, 6);

imshow( cat(3, uint8(R_422), uint8(G_422), uint8(B_422)))

title('YCbCr422')

subplot(3, 3, 9);

imshow(cat(3, uint8(R_422d), uint8(G_422d), uint8(B_422d)))

title('YCbCr422 => RGB')

toc

結果如下：

圖　左上為正確YCbCr444，左下為還原圖；右上為加密的YCbCr422，右中為加密還原的RGB，右下為正確解密還原的RGB

圖　左上為正確YCbCr444，左下為還原圖；右上為加密的YCbCr422，右中為加密還原的RGB，右下為正確解密還原的RGB。不同參數的結果

圖　左上為正確YCbCr444，左下為還原圖；右上為加密的YCbCr422，右中為加密還原的RGB，右下為正確解密還原的RGB

2023年8月10日星期四

Lichee Tang Nano 4K FPGA 開發板

開發板介紹 Gowin網頁
http://www.gowinsemi.com.cn/clients_view.aspx?TypeId=21&Id=957&FId=t19:21:19

WiKi網頁 (原廠?)
https://wiki.sipeed.com/hardware/zh/tang/Tang-Nano-4K/Nano-4K.html

軟體下載
http://www.gowinsemi.com.cn/faq.aspx

有FPGA和MCU兩個軟體需下載，參考下面安裝指南

安裝指南
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15468736/5926584

教破解license的方法
http://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/thread-1188683-1-1.html

FPGA編譯燒錄基本操作
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15468736/5807065?articleABtest=1

高雲IP使用，以及使用這些IP時的ModelSim模擬方式
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15468736/5979151?articleABtest=1

內建邏輯分析儀（類似SignalTap）
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15468736/5807063?articleABtest=1

軟硬整合：ARM Cortex-M3的呼叫與使用
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15468736/5807064

FPGA硬核與軟核區別
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Y2cHZ6VYFngVPwO9upr69g

2023年7月15日星期六

量子邏輯閘模擬數位邏輯閘

Hadamard Gate：若是由0|>或1|>開始，經過Hadamard Gate後可用來產生0和1位元，機率各為1/2；原則上等效於由+|>或-|>開始

AND: 可利用CNOT的糾纏態

OR: 在同一位元的所有輸出即為OR，相當於wired or的功能

1 bit

NOT: CNOT + X

2 bit

AND: CCNOT

NAND: CCNOT+X

OR: NAND的反相

or q[2] = q[0] or q[1] or q[1]q[0]

NOR:

XOR:

XNOR:

2022年9月27日星期二

TCS3200 顏色感測器 - flag's block with D1 mini ESP8266

TCS3200 內部共64個 sensor，16個加紅色濾片，16個加綠色濾片，16個加藍色濾片，16個不加濾片，由S2, S3控制。操作電壓 3.3V~5V。

S0, S1控制輸出頻率，頻率降低，則輸出波形的長度變長。

S2, S3控制讀取顏色。由output腳位偵測波形為低準位的時間長度（使用 pulseIn()函數讀取）。

LED腳位控制補充照明燈，建議開啟補充照明燈，並遮蔽四周環境雜訊，以增加讀取正確性。
當sensor感應亮度越高（越接近白色），則output回傳值越接近0；當sensor感應亮度越暗（越接近黑色），則output回傳值越大。故可用 map函數校正之。

本程式採 D1 mini (ESP8266晶片)，Flag's Block 的程式如下：
初始值Setup 部分：

主程式部分：

此處呼叫一個color detecting的函式，在此函式中分別執行三種顏色的偵測，並採偵測十次後取平均值輸出。

2022年2月16日星期三

Verilog PWM

本程式進行FPGA的PWM設計。利用FPGA執行PWM，比用單晶片更為精準。通常在單晶片上，係以8 bits或10 bits進行PWM，也就是可執行0~255的1/255或0~1023的1/1023，通常只能以近似的數字換算成百分比。但在FPGA上，可設計0~100的1/100間隔的PWM，以達到更精確的控制。

為讓應用範圍更廣，本設計採用參數式設計，利用parameter讓使用者可自訂分割值，最大可切割至1023等份，也就是切割成1000等份時，精密度為0.1%。若未輸入parameter，預設為100等份，也就是1%。

程式相當簡單，一個從0計數到n-1的計數器，也就是可分為n等份，輸出則為0~n個高準位，共n+1種狀態。

PWM.v

// The input clock frequency is 100 times higher than the cycle frequency.
module PWM(
input clk,
input rst,
input [9:0] iduty,
output reg opwm
);
parameter part = 100;
reg [9:0] count;
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst)
begin
if (!rst)
begin
count <= 0;
end
else if (count == part-1)
begin
count <= 0;
end
else
count <= count + 1;
end
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst)
begin
if (!rst)
begin
opwm <= 1'b0;
end
else if (count < iduty)
begin
opwm <= 1'b1;
end
else
begin
opwm <= 1'b0;
end
end
endmodule

testbench如下，PWM_tb.v

`timescale 1ns/1ns
module PWM_tb;
reg clk;
reg rst;
reg [9:0] iduty;
wire opwm;
reg [9:0] delta_duty;
PWM u(
.clk(clk),
.rst(rst),
.iduty(iduty),
.opwm(opwm)
);
defparam u.part = 10;
initial
begin
#0
clk = 0;
rst = 0;
iduty = 0;
delta_duty = 1;
#100 rst = 1;
#200000 delta_duty = -1;
#200000 delta_duty = 1;
end
always
#10 clk = ~clk;
always
#2000 iduty = iduty+delta_duty;
endmodule

把iduty和delta_duty改為Decimal。

當iduty輸入為0時，PWM輸出為0%，當iduty在10以上的時候，為100%的輸出。因為目前僅分為10等份。

刪除testbench檔案PWM_tb.v中第18行的defparam u.part = 10;，會成為預設分割的100等份。把輸入iduty改為類比形式Analog顯示。

若可直接輸入cycle和duty的寫法可如下：

module PWM(
rst,
clk,
duty,
cycle,
oPWM
);
input clk,rst;
input [11:0] duty, cycle;
output reg oPWM;
reg [11:0] count;
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst)
begin
if (!rst)
begin
count <= 0;
end
else if (count == cycle-1)
begin
count <= 0;
end
else
count <= count + 1;
end
always @ (posedge clk or negedge rst)
begin
if (!rst)
begin
oPWM <= 0;
end
else if (count < duty)
begin
oPWM <= 1;
end
else
oPWM <= 0;
end
endmodule

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